Origin of Surnames
What's in a Surname?!
The
 surnames Malhotra, Arora, Kapoor, Khanna, Chopra, Nanda, Khullar, 
Sodhi, Bedi, Sehgal, Thapar and Mehra belong to only one broader caste “
 khatri “.
 As per the 
Government of India records, "Khatri is a popular variant of the 
Sanskrit word Kshatriya, which was used to describe the warrior caste 
among the Hindus according to the Varanashram propounded by the 
Shastras".
According to 
the Britishers The Khatris were the backbone of Indian trade with 
central Asia. Due to the high values and good education they survived 
even in the hardest times of Aurangjeb and Shahjahan.
All the Sikh gurus were Khatri. Real names of gurus are
Guru Nanak Dev Bedi
Guru Angad Dev Trehan
Guru Amar Das Bhalla
Guru Ram Das Sodhi
Guru Arjan Dev Sodhi
Guru Har Gobind Sodhi
Guru Har Rai Sodhi
Guru Har Krishan Sodhi
Guru Tegh Bahadur Sodhi
Guru Gobind Singh Sodhi
Some of the Khatris have good history with their name and place as given below.
Arora
 : They belongs to the Aror town (near Sukkur ) situated in the Sind 
province of Pakistan on the banks of Indus river hence called Arora's. 
After the partition in 1947, maximum proportion of Arora's came to 
India.
 Khanna : They 
belong to a small town Khanna in Ludhiana district of Indian Punjab. 
Khanna is a Punjabi word, which means one quarter (1/4 or 0.25). The 
city was named thus because it used to be very small, just a quarter of 
what a normal city should be. Khanna and Arora both are closely related 
to Khatri caste.
 Kapoor :
 Kapoors are termed as descendents of Moon i.e. as white as moon. 
Camphor “ Hindi Kapur” is as white as full moon so termed as Kapoor. 
They belong to Kapurthala state of Punjab. Kapoor or Kapur is a surname 
in the Kaushal Gotra of the Punjabi Khatri community of India. Kapoors 
are Hindus in terms of religion and tradition, and belong to the Bahari 
Baradari, a sub-caste of Khatri .
 Malhotra
 : Malhotra is a surname based on the name of a clan in the Khatri 
community. It is a modified form of Mehrotra, which is itself an 
extended form of Mehra (Panjabi mehra or Mera means 'chief' or 
'master'). Founder of the Malhotra clan is said to have been called Mehr
 Chand.
 Now I am giving 
the origin of other non khatri Indian Surnames. Answer could be little 
lengthy but I bet at the end of show you will enjoy.
Deshpande, Deshmukh, Kulkarni & Patil : All these surnames are found predominately in Maharashtra.
 Deshpande
 is a surname having origins in Maharashtra. The surname is also used in
 Karnataka. It was a title conferred on officers responsible for record 
keeping at Pargana level (modern equivalent of district) .
The chief of the pargana were called Deshmukh.
Their equivalent at village level were Kulkarni (mainly accountants) .
The persons responsible for the development and security of village were known as Patil (Village chief).
Godbole
 : Godbole (Marathi : गोडबोले) is a surname from Kokanastha Brahmins or 
Chitpavan Brahmins from Western Maharashtra (Western Coast of India), 
and also used by Rajapur Saraswat Brahmins. Godbole actually means 
“meethi zuban bolne wale translation : sweet tongued” in Marathi.
 Jain
 : This surname is the modified name of word jaina which was derived 
from Sanskrit word Jina or 'follower of Jina'. Jina, meaning 
'triumphant', is an epithet for a saint of the Jain religion. They are 
mainly distributed in the Gujrat, Rajsthan, Western MP and North west 
Maharashtra.
 Agrawal and
 Agarwal : Members of the Agrawal community are known for their business
 acumen and have for many years been influential and prosperous in 
India.
 Agrawal means the
 "children of Agrasena" or the "people of Agroha ", a city in ancient 
Kuru Kingdom. Now it is near to the city of Hisar in Haryana said to be 
founded by legendery King Agrasena. He was among one of the greatest 
Kings of India. He was the descendant of Solar Dynasty who later adopted
 Vanik Dharm.
Where as 
Agarwals are slightly different from agrawals. According to a legend , 
earlier they were called as Agarwale means the inhabitants of the 
ancient city “Agar”. Agar is a small city located 65 kms from Ujjain. 
Agar was the most important city to the Parmar dynasty after Dhar and 
Avantika(Ujjain).
 Sindhi
 : Unlike Hindus of India, who have a 'gotra', Sindhis often have a 
'nukh', which means roots. Almost 90% surnames have been followed by 
“Ani” or “Ja” in Sindhis like Moolchandani, Bhavnani, Ramchandani, 
Advani, Raheja, Makhija etc. Ramchandani means the descendents of 
Ramchand, here Ramchand could be name of an ancestor or village. Same 
thing applies on the Juneja, Tuteja etc.
 Khan
 : The ancient surname Khan is a contracted form of Khagan, from the 
Turkish language meaning "chief or ruler." It was originally a 
hereditary title born by early Mongol leaders, such as the legendary 
Genghis Khan, but is now widely used as a surname throughout the Muslim 
world.
 Shetty : They are
 Hindus and Jains from the coastal areas of Karnataka and Cauvery belt. 
Primarily they are farmers and pastorals but now spreaded in the all 
business domains. They are different from cognate Seth or Sethi which 
were basically land lords.
 Brahmins : All the Brahmins were given their last names on the basis of knowledge they possessed.
 Dwivedi/Trivedi/Chaturvedi were known for the number of Vedas they expertise. Same is true for Tripathi also.
Upadhyay were those who had special skills of teachings and were the spiritual advisors of the king.
Vyas or Byas were those who had got an expertise in the recital of Bhagvat Purana and Bhagvat Gita.
 Pandey was the title given to the chief priests (pandits) and those who had expertise in post death rituals.
 Mishra was the title given to those priests who had expertise is all kind of Brahmin duties.
Parashar
 : They are the ancestors of one of the greatest scholar of vedic era 
“Parashara”. Ancient India was controlled by northern India therefore 
they are mostly found in North India.
Shukla was the title given to the reciters of the Shukl Yazurveda ( Yazurveda has two parts, Shukl and Krishn ).
 Verma
 : Verma, Varma, Burma, Barma, Vurma, Barman, Varman are the same and 
one and mostly the inhabitants of India and South East Asia. In ancient 
culture “Verma “ title was given to the kshtriya warriors who were very 
firm, and shield like.
 Yadav : The term Yadav (or sometimes Yadava) has been interpreted to mean a descendant of “Yadu”, who was a mythological king.
 The
 term “Yadav” covers many castes which initially had different names, 
Ahir in the UP, Haryana, Bihar, Punjab and Gujarat, Gavli in Maharashtra
 and MP, Gola in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka etc. Their traditional 
common business was that of herdsmen, cowherds and milksellers all over 
the Indian subcontinent.
Srivastava
 : According to one explanation, the name "Shrivastava" originates from 
"Shrivastu", the former name of the Swat River, said to be the place of 
origin of this clan. Swat river is situated in the Khyber province of 
North West province. Srivastava is a common surname in Northern India, 
notably among Kayasthas. However, recent times have also seen this 
surname used in other communities. Spelling variations include 
Shreevastava, Shrivastav, Shrivastava, Shrivastva, Srivastav, Srivastva,
 Srivastava, Sriwastaw and Srivastwa
 SHARMA
 JI  I Did a  lot of research for the origin of Sharma surname but got 
ambiguous answers. But most common and widely known sources suggests 
that “ancient sharma's were the upper class Brahmins who has achieved 
the highest level of concentrations. They were the peer Yogi's who were 
always in joys and known as accomplished well wishers. They were living 
in the shelters not in the houses during the ultimate years of their 
lives.” Later on due to the immense respect of Sharma surname, some non 
Brahmins and undeserving people also started using Sharma.
 An
 alternative English spelling of the name used in the city of Varansi 
and the Indian states of Assam, Andhra Pradesha and Kerla is "Sarma". 
Some Assamese people also use Surma but that is due to the river “ 
Surma” flowing in the lower Assam and Sylhet district Bangladesh.
 Edit on some request
 In the messages and comments some of the readers requested me to tell about Tendulkar surname.
 Well
 I will tell you about this surname but take the bonus of Ambedkar, 
Gavaskar, Savarkar and Mangeshkar first. “Kar” means the suffix of the 
village associated.
 Ambedkar
 : The original surname Ambavadekar comes from the native village 
‘Ambavade’ in Ratnagiri district. Dr. Bhimrao Ambedkar's original 
surname was Sakpal but his father registered his surname Ambadawekar in 
school. His Brahmin teacher, Krishnaji Keshav Ambedkar, who was fond of 
him, changed his surname 'Ambadawekar' to his own surname 'Ambedkar' to 
pronounce easily in the school records.
 Gavaskar
 : They came from the Gavaswadi Village in Kudal Taluka (Kudal is a 
legislative seat also) in the Sindhudurg District of Maharashtra.
 Mangeshkar
 : Earlier the surname of Deenanath ji (Father of great Lata Mangeshkar )
 was Hardikar but he changed it to Mangeshkar in order to identify his 
family with his native town Mangeshi. Mangeshi is located near Priol 
Ponda at Goa-Maharastra border.
 Savarkar
 : Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. His original surname was Bapat but his 
forefathers changed the surname in order to identify their family with 
their native village Savarwadi in Palshet village of Guhagar taluka in 
Konkan region. Name Savarwadi came from the plentiful trees of “Saanwari
 (or Saavari) in the area which is used to yeild a type of soft cotton 
Shevari